Q3 2023 Roblox Corp Earnings Call

Participants

David Baszucki; Founder, President, CEO & Chairman of the Board; Roblox Corporation

Michael Guthrie; CFO; Roblox Corporation

Stefanie Notaney

Bernard Jerome McTernan; Senior Research Analyst; Needham & Company, LLC, Research Division

Brandon A Ross; Partner and Media & Technology Analyst; LightShed Partners, LLC

Eric James Sheridan; Research Analyst; Goldman Sachs Group, Inc., Research Division

Eric Owen Handler; MD; ROTH MKM Partners, LLC, Research Division

James P. Callahan; Research Analyst; Piper Sandler & Co., Research Division

Jason Ross Tilchen; Analyst; Canaccord Genuity Corp., Research Division

Matthew Andrew Cost; Research Analyst; Morgan Stanley, Research Division

Omar Dessouky; Research Analyst; BofA Securities, Research Division

William Lampen; Director and Digital Gaming Analyst; BTIG, LLC, Research Division

Presentation

Operator

Good morning. My name is Krista, and I'll be your conference operator today. At this time, I would like to welcome everyone to the Roblox Third Quarter 2023 Earnings Conference Call. (Operator Instructions) I will now turn the conference over to Stefanie Notaney, Senior Director, Financial Communication. Stefanie, you may begin.

Stefanie Notaney

Thank you, Krista. Good morning, everyone. Thank you for joining our Q&A session to discuss Roblox's Q3 2023 results. With me today is Roblox's Co-Founder and CEO, David Baszucki; and CFO, Mike Guthrie.
As a reminder, our shareholder letter, press release, SEC filings, supplemental slides and a replay of today's call can be found on our Investor Relations website at ir.roblox.com. On this call, we will make some brief opening remarks and reserve the rest of the time for your questions.
Our commentary today may include forward-looking statements, including, but not limited to, expectations of our business, future financial results and strategy. Forward-looking statements are subject to risks, uncertainties and assumptions that could cause actual results to differ materially from those described in our forward-looking statements.
A description of these are included in our SEC filings, including our most recent reports on Form 10-K and Form 10-Q. You should not rely on our forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. We disclaim any obligation to update these statements, except as required by law. During this call, we will also discuss certain non-GAAP financial measures, reconciliations between GAAP and non-GAAP metrics can be found in our press release and supplemental slides.
With that, I'll turn the call over to Dave.

David Baszucki

Thank you, and welcome, everyone, to our Roblox Q3 2023 earnings call. A couple of quick highlights. We're going to continue to talk about our delivering growth strategy, highlighting our vision of reimagining how we come together and continued moving forward on our mission to connect a billion people with optimism and civility.
We'll highlight some of the product velocity and new monetization opportunities we've been working on, and we're also going to give an update on our commitment to deliver operating leverage, which we shared in our letter.
Finally, highlighting the -- really the breadth of our business, which is connecting people around the world, connecting people of all ages and all backgrounds and highlighting the complexity of a business that spans so many cohorts today for a first time, we are going to give you a little hint at guidance looking forward, and Mike will do that after my discussion.
Diving into Q3 a real strong quarter all around. GAAP revenue, Q3, $713 million, up 38% over Q3 2022 and diving more into how we run the business, which is on bookings and cash, bookings of $839.5 million, up 20% year-on-year. Cash flow from operations, $112 million and $59 million of free cash flow. Our DAUs hit $70 million, which is up 20% year-on-year. Total hours of engagement, 16 billion in Q3, which is up 20% year-on-year. And from a liquidity standpoint, over $2 billion of net liquidity and $3.1 billion of total cash equivalents and investments. And finally, on a covenant adjusted EBITDA basis, we hit $81 million.
So let's talk a bit about our growth initiatives. This goes all the way back to our S-1 filing, which is connecting everyone around the world, a platform for every one of all ages, Roblox everywhere and a vibrant economy. On connecting the world, I just want to highlight, not just the growth in many really big future areas around the world, but also the monetization acceleration in these areas. Japan DAUs, up 66%, hours up 64%, bookings up 174%. Germany DAUs 27%, hours 30%, bookings up 75%. Brazil, DAUs 23%, hours 23%, bookings, 62%. And India, a huge opportunity for Roblox, DAUs up 53%, hours 49%, bookings up 76%.
We continue to also show great progress in our vision that Roblox is a platform for everyone irregardless of age. On the DAU side, in our 13 through 16 cohort, we saw 22% growth. 17 through 24, 27% growth. And 25 and up, 25% growth on the DAU side. Hours very similar. Growth, 13 through 16, 23%. 17 through 24, 29%. And 25 and up, hours of engagement up 28% year-on-year.
On our vision that Roblox is everywhere, and this goes to the vision that Immersive 3D multiplayer in the cloud simulation that connects and helps people communicate should run on every device. We brought forward 2 new devices recently first Meta Quest, which as of October 31 had over 2 million lifetime installs, and then Sony PlayStation, which we announced at our developer conference and launched on October 10, has had over 15 million downloads in October.
And our goal is really for Roblox to be everywhere. On the size of a vibrant economy, we're innovating in many ways there, continuing to grow our monthly unique payers. We had 14.7 million average monthly unique payers in the quarter, which is a record. We have some really exciting innovative extensions to the platform coming. One is really in the vision of Roblox, giving our developers and creators, the tools to run their own business.
We're going to be introducing subscriptions for developers, so their experiences can host subscriptions. We plan on launching that this month. Advertising, we're going to share a lot more at Investor Day but we are making amazing progress here. We've hired Stephanie Latham as our VP of Global Partnerships to help supercharge this business.
We've also, in addition to portal and image ads, started testing video ads in Q4 and looking for a launch of that in 2024, we'll share more of this at Investor Day. On the overall product velocity and the background, we shared a lot of our 2024 vision at our developer conference in September, and those videos are all available online for anyone who's interested. A really strong pipeline of great innovation on some of the big things we've been working around, which include voice and Avatar simulation to more and more host real-time communication.
Our Voice VA use for the quarter are now up 240% year-on-year. On Avatar side, we are now live with what we call UGC avatars, which is user-generated content for avatars, allowing the community to participate in the creation of Avatars. And we're now live with facial animation and over time, we expect all avatars on the platform to support real-time camera tracking and facial animation. At our developer conference, we introduced a new platform called Roblox Connect, which is a showcase of communication technology that will be open stores and shows off a set of APIs that allow creators to embed communication capabilities into their own experience, including on mobile, bringing the phone to join with friends.
And a couple of highlights. We'll touch more on Investor Day. On the AI side, we continue behind the scenes to more and more incorporate AI up and down the stack. And in addition to, of course, added capabilities like Roblox Assistant, which we rolled out in October that you'll hear more about on Investor Day and Roblox, other ways of generating things.
I think behind the scenes, I just want to highlight the efficiency that this is bringing us both on safety, on moderation. We're moving many of our moderation pipelines, more and more to AI and this is simultaneously increasing quality as well as cost. And you can see that in our increased operating leverage.
Finally, just want to highlight that at Investor Day in a week, we'll be covering a lot more of this, and now I'm going to pass it over to Mike for some more discussion on our operating leverage.

Michael Guthrie

Good morning, everybody, and thanks for joining. I think Dave did a great job of covering the highlights. I just want to point out that it was another quarter of very solid growth, and that growth was accompanied with a management of the growth in expense in our business, in particular, our fixed costs, which we've been talking about for the last few quarters, which are personnel costs and infrastructure costs, both of those grew at a substantially lower rate this past quarter. And Infra and Trust & Safety grew at a lower rate than our bookings growth, which is something we had talked about and indicated what happened this quarter.
So we're quite happy with that. That provides quite a bit of operating leverage, and we see that -- we're now in a moment where we can see our operating costs growing at a rate that trails our topline growth, which is exciting and should provide a healthy operating leverage in the future. We'll talk more about that at Investor Day. I'm sure, on this call.
And at the same time, we've now completed our Ashburn, Virginia data center. And so capital expenditures in the third quarter were down significantly from both last year and last quarter. And we now have enough capacity to handle even significant growth in traffic all of next year. So substantially less capital expenditures in 2024 than you've seen over the last 2 years, which is a good setup for not just operating leverage but also cash generation.
Finally, as we mentioned in our shareholder letter this morning, beginning next year in 2024, we intend to begin providing financial guidance. Typically, when we report our annual results each February, we will provide guidance for the ensuing full year and for the first quarter of that year. For each ensuing quarter, we will provide forward guidance for the next quarter and update our annual guidance. This is pretty standard and fair. Thus, on our Q4 earnings call next February, we will provide guidance for the full fiscal year of 2024 and for Q1 of 2024.
In May of next year, we will provide guidance for Q2 of '24 and update the guidance for the full year and so on. We will guide on revenue, bookings, net income and margins. We believe bookings provides a timelier indication of trends in our operating results that are not necessarily reflected in our revenue because we recognize the majority of revenue over the estimated average lifetime of a paying user. The change in deferred revenue constitutes the vast majority of the reconciling differences from revenue to bookings.
Since our first quarterly guidance will be for Q1 of 2024, we expect a question today about our views on consensus numbers for Q4 2023, the last quarter for which we will not provide guidance. And since we haven't provided any guidance information we just want to reflect that based on FactSet as of November 7, mean consensus for Q4 2023 is as follows: bookings of $1.065 billion, adjusted EBITDA of $173.2 million, which correlates to our calculation of covenant adjusted EBITDA and revenue of $809.3 million, while we are not going to provide formal guidance for Q4, we are comfortable with the consensus estimates for bookings and adjusted EBITDA.
Concerning consensus revenue, we want to remind everyone that revenue is much more complicated to forecast and model than our bookings. Paying users can buy both consumable and durable virtual goods, bookings related to consumable virtual goods are recognized essentially immediately while bookings related to durable virtual goods are recognized over the average life of a paying user, which is currently 28 months. The split between consumable virtual goods and durable virtual goods changes every month. In addition, the average life of a paying user can also change in any given quarter.
Finally, because of the deferral period in any given quarter, the revenue recognized has much more to do with prior bookings than with current bookings. Thus, for example, the growth in bookings over the past quarter will largely be reflected in our future revenues. And just as an example, I went back and looked at our bookings in the supplemental materials. If you think about the 28-month average life of a payer, that's about 9 to 10 quarters. So if you look at the growth rate of bookings over the last 9 to 10 quarters, you'll see that it is -- those growth rates are below the consensus revenue estimate, which is about 40%.
So we expect revenue in Q4 when we do the work on virtual versus consumable and the average life of a payer, assuming there's no change to that average life in Q4, we expect revenue in Q4 will be approximately $740 million to $750 million or a year-over-year growth rate of approximately 28%.
So with that, we're done with our opening remarks, and we welcome questions.

Question and Answer Session

Operator

(Operator Instructions) Your first question comes from the line of Jason Tilchen from Canaccord Genuity.

Jason Ross Tilchen

Congrats on the strong results. I was just wondering, exchange fees as a percent of bookings were down sequentially. I'm curious if there's anything one-time that drove that and just higher level, how you view continuing to reinvest in the developer community as you see leverage in other areas?

Michael Guthrie

Jason, we absolutely -- top priority is to continue to invest in the developer community. In fact, the strong results that you've seen over the last few quarters is a direct result of an explosion of creativity, new content, existing content being updated and upgraded appealing more and more to our user base. So top priority is to continue to invest in our developer community.
The sequential decline is primarily related to an issue with our prepaid cards. So there was an ability and we can go through this in more detail if you want to get on a call with us one-on-one. But there was an ability until recently to actually buy Robux at a discount through prepaid cards in certain currencies. And as a result, the bookings number and the DevEx number, the DevEx number was artificially inflated versus the bookings number.
The user was getting extra Robux per dollar. We've now closed that and they're now getting -- they're not buying Robux at the right price. That means they get slightly fewer Robux, which means the DevEx related to those bookings is slightly lower. But going forward, that's -- that loophole effectively is closed, and we will continue to be driving lots of opportunities for developers to grow the overall dollars in the system and the percentage of the economics that they get. And we'll talk more about that at Investor Day, and happy to discuss it on this call as well.

David Baszucki

Yes. And as we highlighted at our developer conference, the growth rate of the top 10, the top 100 and the top 1,000 developers and this all continue to grow quite rapidly as far as their revenue.

Jason Ross Tilchen

Great. It's really helpful. And just one quick follow-up. In the shareholder letter, you called out bookings growth really strong in Western Europe and East Asia. Just curious if there was any underlying drivers of that performance that stood out in the quarter?

Michael Guthrie

Across the Western Europe and East Asia, we have a few benefits that are really pushing the bookings growth rate. Number one, we have payer cohorts that are getting -- that are on more and more seniority, and we know over time, as payer cohorts are on the platform for longer periods of time, they tend to monetize better. And so a lot of those payer cohorts are really hitting their stride in terms of maturity.
Those are wealthy countries, so they have a lot of purchasing power. And so we've done very well there. We have seen lots of new content that has popped up in those markets. And so lots of growth there. And we're really growing across all ages in Western Europe and East Asia from -- all the way from the youngest users on the platform to aged up users.

David Baszucki

I want to highlight also, core technology, less on the monetization side and more on the user engagement side is also underlying some of this, the quality of our platform in Japan has increased rapidly over the last few years. We highlighted semantic search and some of the other things we've been doing there. So this is also a result of product quality and the quality of our automatic translation system.

Operator

Your next question comes from the line of Bernard McTernan from Needham & Company.

Bernard Jerome McTernan

Great. Maybe just to follow up on the last one. You guys have been talking about Japan for a couple of quarters now. Are there other kind of wealthy under-penetrated countries out there that is next on the list to target?

Michael Guthrie

Well, (inaudible) Spain, Italy I mean all throughout Western Europe, France, they're all growing really dramatically. And as you know, Bernie, it's less about an immediate target and it's more about an organic growth that's driven, as Dave said, by great product technology, the fact that translation and search are better, the fact that there's a local developer community sprouting up in those marketplaces.
So it's organic and it's just -- and we believe, very sustainable because it's organic. And so we're targeting really users around the globe, including more and more users in the U.S., Canada and markets that we're already very strong in. But with the countries in Western Europe and East Asia, just are showing particularly strong growth and very healthy monetization.

David Baszucki

And highlighting when we talk about product quality in Japan, that's platform-wide product quality, not Japan-only product quality. And that goes all the way down to raw product performance on low-end devices, for example, which can help accelerate countries like India, search can help accelerate all countries. So really, we target the platform as a whole generally.

Bernard Jerome McTernan

Understood. And then just on the cost-saving initiatives and talking about internal efficiencies. Especially in Infrastructure, obviously, you guys are doing a great job pushing on that. It feels like this from the shareholder letter, the commentary that there might be maybe more to do, you're discovering that there's more to do. Is that the right read, especially in Infrastructure, just we see internal efficiency initiatives. It sounds like it might be a broader push than just growing it below bookings, but I just wanted to double click on it.

David Baszucki

I want to highlight a couple of efficiencies that we actually get from a quest for quality as opposed to a quest for raw efficiency, more and more as our safety platform moves to AI. It's been driven by a quest for just increasing the quality of everything we do around safety and moderation, a byproduct of that is a lot of efficiency. I think on the Infra side, as we get into a high level of resilience that gives us a lot more room going forward to grow without a lot of CapEx. So some of these are less discoveries than natural evolution.

Michael Guthrie

And maybe just add Bernie one last thing to that. The growth rate we had to build into through COVID was so significant that we made a decision to invest heavily and aggressively and we're happy that we did. And obviously, the platform and the scale of the platform is much, much larger and much more capable than it was before. But now we're sort of through that macro adjustment of hyper-hyper growth that the economy took when we started -- when the pandemic started, it should be much more rational and reasonable and predictable growth and that allows us to invest and be more efficient really throughout the income statement and the balance sheet.

David Baszucki

I want to highlight one other nuance on efficiency, and this gets into what we're doing on voice safety and voice moderation. We're doing very sophisticated work to help with voice safety and stability, and we're doing this on our own infrastructure. And there's incredible efficiency by using the same Infra that we use for real-time 3D simulation of all of our players using that exact same inference for voice safety.

Operator

Your next question comes from the line of Omar Dessouky from Bank of America.

Omar Dessouky

I actually wanted to double-click a little bit more on this infrastructure question because the numbers are quite remarkable. So if I just look at your results, it looks like your hours in the third quarter, your total engagement hours were up 15%, but your infrastructure cost per hour was down 18%. So that's pretty strong and your Infrastructure costs came in well below my estimates.
So is there -- are there any one-time events that caused this very high cost savings on that line -- and how should we think about your Infrastructure cost per hour kind of going forward? Do you -- would they be at a similar rate as they were in this quarter? Or will they kind of come back up to where they were in the second quarter? And then I have a follow-up.

David Baszucki

Omar, I actually feel the one-time event has happened in the past, which was on core data centers a fair amount of CapEx to build out resiliency, and we're through that now, and we have resiliency on core data centers, on edge data centers where we run simulation. Once again, we've got great efficiency there on that capacity. So I don't think there's a forward event really. I think we've done a lot of that in the past.

Michael Guthrie

Yes. And then Omar, as it relates to -- the first thing, you had a comment about hours growing at 15%. I want to make sure I understood that. I think the hours grew at 20%. But just a...

Omar Dessouky

I'm just talking about quarter-on-quarter, Mike. Quarter-on-quarter, your hours were up 15%. Yet, your cost per hour was down 18% quarter-on-quarter.

Michael Guthrie

Okay. Understood. So we're going to show some more data at Investor Day. But one of the factors is what Dave just talked about, which was investment, building a lot of capacity, not unlike building a factory or anything else now absorbing that capacity. The second one is challenging the team to focus on a cost-to-serve target that declines over time and to get more efficient as an engineering organization and they've done an incredible job, and we believe have plenty in front of them, and they're going to continue to drive down this metric of cost per 1,000 hours served.
So we actually see continued leverage in the infrastructure line to answer your question, and that should be reflected in the future in lower numbers as a percentage -- on the income statement, lower numbers as a percentage of either bookings or revenue.

Omar Dessouky

Okay. Awesome. Okay. And then maybe just focusing on sort of your topline in your guidance. What was it that increased your confidence in your ability to guide accurately as compared to, let's say, 3 to 6 months ago?

David Baszucki

Well, I want to do a shout out to the whole financial modeling team. We've always had a fair amount of confidence in our ability to model the future. So this is less about confidence. Mike, maybe can comment to the real world.

Michael Guthrie

Well, first of all, Omar, you said the existing guidance. So we haven't given any guidance yet. We're going to guide for the fourth quarter. I merely commented on Q4. A number of reasons. There's certainly demand. We talked to a lot of investors who would really like a deeper insight into our forecasting and the best way to do that is through guidance. And I think having gone through such a big cycle of COVID and coming out of COVID and the big investments that we've made. And now with margins and operating leverage coming out the other side, it actually does become easier to have that conversation and show people the models going forward. So I think it will be a healthy dynamic for everybody.

David Baszucki

Yes. I want to highlight the complex, not really complexity, but the breadth and the scope of our vision internally. We're building a platform that is connecting people around the world in a bunch of different regions and different countries, a bunch of different age groups and more and more moving to several economic models that support that, virtual currency, advertising and more to come. And then on top of that, we have complexities on the GAAP revenue side, as Mike mentioned, as far as the deferred revenue. It's a fairly broad ambitious vision, and we think guidance can help that complexity.

Operator

Your next question comes from the line of Clark Lampen from BTIG.

William Lampen

I have a question on average spending rates. You guys highlighted a number of products throughout the prepared remarks that seem whether in the late stages of, I guess, sort of pre-release or early release right now that seem likely to be accretive to spending. Are we at a point now where maybe those products selectively can offset some of the mix shift headwinds to monetization we see from international expansion and maybe average spending from here sort of lift going forward. That's question one.

Michael Guthrie

Clark, good to talk to you. First thing I would like to highlight that in the third quarter of '23, so the average payer monetized at $19.02 over the quarter, which was up from $18.11, the prior Q3. So monetization on a payer basis has been creeping up over the last few quarters on a year-over-year basis and is basically catching up to those peak moments in the pandemic when monetization was incredibly high.
Overall, if you look at it on a DAU basis, some of the discussion around the prepaid cards that I mentioned earlier has been a bit of a drag on it. So I think we'll work through that as well. So yes, I do believe I'm strongly optimistic about monetization.
Overall, in addition, we -- as Dave just highlighted, the platform is built now 70 million daily active users with a virtual economy that is very large and growing at a very healthy clip. And it is set up, as we've always talked about and it goes back to when we went public, that we will grow the virtual economies or vibrant economies on top of our platform, including advertising and other things that we'll talk about at Investor Day, those things as they funnel in, obviously, will also move monetization up materially. So we're pretty excited about that. So overall, as we look at monetization, whether it's per user or per payer, we like the trends that we're seeing right now.
There's a little bit of a talk track sometimes about the geographic mix shift, which I think is what you're getting at. I just want to remind everybody that in the U.S. and Canada, as an example, as users grow in terms of older users, they monetize better. There's a mix shift going on even in our core. And so even with a younger user base, where monetization and bookings are growing more slowly, we are definitely seeing a positive mix shift to older users who do spend more. So it is not necessarily the case just because other markets are growing faster, it has to have a detrimental effect on the rate of bookings per user or per payer. And overall bookings growth is really what we focus on.

William Lampen

Understood. You talked about economy changes. Also, it looked like there were some adjustments that were made to sort of packaging and then the Robux per unit of currency values earlier this quarter. Could you talk about maybe how those packages are going to sort of affect the user and developer community, if at all? And maybe secondarily, how could those changes, I guess, impact the P&L moving forward.

David Baszucki

Yes, I just want to highlight you may be seeing small experiments that we're constantly running on the economy. We don't have any big plans for a massive economy shift, consider these nudges right now.

Operator

Your next question comes from the line of Eric Handler from ROTH MKM.

Eric Owen Handler

A couple of things on advertising. First, I imagine it's very small, but were there any advertising contributions in the third quarter?

Michael Guthrie

There were, and you're correct, they were very small. I do want to -- it's a little bit of a preface to Investor Day. While the actual ad revenue was pretty small, there is a vibrant economy around brands and the content that brands are publishing on the platform. And there is a virtual economy related to brands just like there's a virtual economy -- the virtual economy around brands is integrated into our virtual economy overall. So while the ad dollars themselves were small, they're already contributing to the platform.

Eric Owen Handler

Great. And then maybe I'm getting ahead of myself here, and you'll talk more next week, but now that you're testing video advertising, when I look at sort of the suite that you have for advertising, I imagine the digital billboards are probably the low end in terms of pricing. You've got this unique concept with portals and now you have video, can you maybe talk about the value proposition of those 3 buckets?

David Baszucki

Yes. I'm going to take a step back on the visionary value proposition and then we can paint a picture a year or 2 out and back into it. And once again, this is no promise of product delivery or any future revenue. But the vision really is ultimately what we do in real life, for example, hanging out with friends at a shopping mall, going into various locations, browsing, trying on and literally buying is going to be fully replicated on our platform.
And ultimately, that buying behavior will go to both virtual goods as well as someday physical goods as well. And this will all happen on the Roblox platform. So advertising is a great way for brands. And we've mentioned some of our great partners, Gucci, Vans, Nike, and whatever to bring essentially friends traffic to their 3D virtual destination where people can interact with the brands, watch videos, try stuff on and then ultimately buy virtual and physical goods. So we actually think the advertising is just the first step to really a fully closed-loop long-term shopping solution.

Michael Guthrie

And Eric, just a quick comment because we're going to cover this more on Investor Day and Christina who runs this business at Roblox, will talk more about it. You're really talking about portal ads and video ads and there are going to be more than one type of video ads. So we're going to talk about multiple products. I wouldn't underestimate the value of video ads. Portals are very interesting and unique.
We also have a massive user base and a very interesting age demographic that's highly, highly engaged. So we really see value for brands and CMOs to look at various products on the platform. Ultimately, we're incredibly excited about portals, and we've seen good activity. And when brands engage at that level where they have their own persistent experiences, it really is a base for a lot of other interesting engagement and monetization in the future. But there's a real breadth of products.

Operator

Our next question comes from the line of Brandon Ross from Lightshed.

Brandon A Ross

You recently launched on a couple of new platforms, including Sony PlayStation. We're just wondering if there's any way to size the impact from those type of launches on DAU or an engagement. And if there's an update on any more platforms to come? And then I have a follow-up.

David Baszucki

I would say we wouldn't share any platform by platform engagement estimates. I think it's safe to say it's doing better than we expected. And I think the reason it's doing better than expected as we have so much amazing content that is already running on phones, tablets, computers, other console that that's really just an accelerant of that existing content with a new destination.

Michael Guthrie

And actually, Brandon, I would add to that. It's also a little bit more of Meta Quest loss. So those people on the network can connect to other people on phones and desktops and other things. And so we are seeing an impact that maybe we can't just explain with a discrete view of what's happening on PlayStation. It's really the benefit that we're seeing all over. But we're going to talk about download numbers next week and everything. They're very strong and very healthy. So we're super excited about it. But I think it's sort of multiplicative.

David Baszucki

And on future platforms, the vision would be immersive 3D multiplayer communication and connection technology ultimately should run on any form factor and any device.

Brandon A Ross

Great. And then on the DevEx. Just to clarify from earlier, was it the loophole that made Devex only 20% of bookings in the quarter? And then like generally on DevEx, how are you thinking about your profit and cash flow generation of the leverage and kind of cost control versus giving back to the Dev community, kind of what goes into that decision? And how will advertising affect that?

Michael Guthrie

So there's a lot in that question. So first and foremost, our goal is to continue to push high growth in DevEx to the community. The investment that we make there is why we have great content and growing content. And so we're always looking for ways to grow that overall. Our desire, Brandon, on leverage and cash flow is really to leverage the efficiency in our fixed cost, which is around headcount and infrastructure. Those are the primary fixed cost in the business.
Generally, over the last few years, as COGS -- as we have seen efficiency in COGS, we tried to share those pretty much dollar for dollar with the community, and that's been really effective. And so historically, if you look back 3 or 4 years, the DevEx rates were quite a bit lower than they are today. So we're in a much more sustainable place and an ability to continue to push more of those economics to the developers. As we open up the economy, things like advertising, we fully intend for the community to participate in those economics.
And so we're really excited about the scale and the growth and the ability to continue to invest in it because that's really what's driving the flywheel. It's content and users and that investment that we make pays back. So we're always trying to grow it.

Operator

Your next question comes from the line of Matthew Cost from Morgan Stanley.

Matthew Andrew Cost

Maybe I'll start with one for Dave and then one for Mike. Just on the AI tools, you mentioned the moderation pipeline shifting more in that direction and then a lot of exciting use cases for those new tools. Are you still on track to build everything you're planning to build from an AI perspective on open source or from scratch? And is that from a CapEx and headcount perspective, is that fully baked in to kind of your view from here?

David Baszucki

Yes. I think we have so much breadth in the AI. We've highlighted we've got 70 ML pipelines running right now inside the company that goes all the way from our safety systems, moderation systems, real-time translation systems, gets into our search and discovery systems and then get into more of the user-facing things like Roblox Assistant.
I think the big takeaway is we want to run super high volume inference, for example, voice, as much as possible on our own hardware so we can do this extremely efficiently. And I would highlight on our edge data centers using as much as possible the same hardware to run inference. It gives us the ability in parts of the world that are not as active to use that for inference.
As far as the collection of tools we're using, I would say, generally, yes, the (inaudible) open source, markets in a really interesting time as far as what people are building and training and tuning and distilling and optimizing internally, and we're building a full AI internal platform that many of our teams will then use for high-performance inference.

Matthew Andrew Cost

And then for Mike, I just want to revisit the goal of $800 million of DevEx that you guys mentioned last quarter. I think in order to hit that versus consensus, you need to do 26% of bookings as DevEx next quarter. I guess are you reiterating that $800 million target?

Michael Guthrie

So I think we've talked about this Matt, many, many times. So it would be unlikely for us to hit $800 million this year. But if you look at what we are accomplishing this year, it's a massive pool of capital that has grown at very high rates over the last few years, and we're super excited about what we are delivering to developers this year just like we're excited with the topline growth in the business and the operating margins of the business.
So incredibly proud of the numbers that we're printing and incredibly proud of how the developers are sharing in that, and we're going to continue to drive efficiencies across the business, and that's what we're going to focus on.

Operator

Your next question comes from the line of Eric Sheridan from Goldman Sachs.

Eric James Sheridan

Maybe 2 that are sort of follow-ups to topics we've talked about and hopefully not front running next week. But to put a finer point on it, when you think about the developer community and lining up platform investments to meet the needs of the developer community, what are your highest priority items as you move out of 2023 and into 2024?
And then to come back on the Infrastructure investment, is there a way to think about capacity utilization in your data center network and how much excess capacity you have right now to better understand engagement growth and filling that capacity to where CapEx could be coming in under expectations like now versus a more normalized trend longer term?

David Baszucki

Yes, I'm going to go really fast on 3 points. On core data centers, I want to highlight just our intra platform teams ruthlessly improving quality efficiency performance of all of our componentry there to really squeeze out as much as we can on the cost side. Also on our cloud expenses, we're being very, very thoughtful there, moving as much cost internally as possible. On the edge capacity just highlighted ability to run inference on same grid where we run real-time simulation, so we could run more and more inference for super, super low cost. So a little bit of a vision there as well.

Michael Guthrie

And Eric, I'm not going to give you a direct number on capacity, but I would suggest to you that our capacity has quite a long way to go. It's not -- through 2024 for sure before we would have to start thinking about adding capacity. So we're in a really comfortable place right now.

Operator

We have time for one more question, Tom Champion from Piper Sandler.

James P. Callahan

This is Jim on for Tom. Just a quick one on cost of revenue. So we've seen the shift toward bookings through lower fee channels. I guess, can we sort of talk about -- has that trend continued? And how should we think about modelings like leverage in that line going forward?

David Baszucki

I'll go first through really high level and then Mike, you talked about modeling. You're highlighting more of the complexity, once again, consumable, durable, different mix shift. As an example, developer subscriptions on the platform over time with some of our partners may have different COGS than other type of Robux purchases, which bodes well for COGS. Our prepaid business bodes well for COGS as well. Mike, may talk more about the mix shift?

Michael Guthrie

Yes. So we've definitely been able to provide some leverage over time. There are some interesting areas where we could dive in. But generally, our real focus in operating leverage right now is infrastructure and personnel, and we're doing a really good job there. And those are numbers that will, I think, drive the vast majority of margin improvement over the next few years -- next couple of years at least.
We're going to talk more about that at Investor Day. I think you're comfortable modeling COGS at about where they are today for now. That's a safe -- that's a fairly safe bet. And think about operating leverage coming more from people costs and from Infra costs. Those are much more in our control.

Operator

I will now turn the call over to Stefanie for closing remarks.

Stefanie Notaney

Thank you for joining us today, and that's a wrap for us.

Operator

This concludes today's conference call. Thank you for your participation, and you may now disconnect.