Q1 2024 Zions Bancorporation NA Earnings Call

Participants

Derek Steward; Executive VP & Chief Credit Officer; Zions Bancorporation, National Association

Harris Henry Simmons

Matt Tyler

R. Ryan Richards; Executive VP & CFO; Zions Bancorporation, National Association

Scott J. McLean; COO & Director; Zions Bancorporation, National Association

Shannon R. Drage; SVP; Zions Bancorporation, National Association

Benjamin Tyson Gerlinger; Research Analyst; Citigroup Inc., Research Division

Bernard Von Gizycki; Research Analyst; Deutsche Bank AG, Research Division

Brandon Thomas King; Associate; Truist Securities, Inc., Research Division

Brian D. Foran; Senior Analyst of US Regional Banks; Autonomous Research US LP

Christopher Edward McGratty; MD & Head of United States Bank Research; Keefe, Bruyette, & Woods, Inc., Research Division

John G. Pancari; Senior MD & Senior Equity Research Analyst; Evercore ISI Institutional Equities, Research Division

Kenneth Michael Usdin; MD and Senior Equity Research Analyst; Jefferies LLC, Research Division

Manan Gosalia; Equity Analyst; Morgan Stanley, Research Division

Peter J. Winter; MD & Senior Research Analyst; D.A. Davidson & Co., Research Division

Steven A. Alexopoulos; MD and Head of Mid-Cap & Small-Cap Banks; JPMorgan Chase & Co, Research Division

Presentation

Operator

Greetings, and welcome to the Zions Bancorp Q1 Earnings Conference Call.
(Operator Instructions)
As a reminder, this conference is being recorded. It is now my pleasure to introduce Shannon Drage, Director of Investor Relations. Thank you, Shannon. You may begin.

Shannon R. Drage

Thank you, Darryl, and good morning. We welcome you to this conference call to discuss our 2024 first quarter earnings. I would like to remind you that during this call, we will be making forward-looking statements, although actual results may differ materially. We encourage you to review the disclaimer in the press release or Slide 2 of the presentation dealing with forward-looking information and the presentation of non-GAAP measures, which applies equally to statements made during this call.
A copy of the earnings release as well as the presentation are available on our website, zionsbancorporation.com. For our agenda today, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Harris Simmons, will provide opening remarks.
Following Harris' comments, Ryan Richards, our Chief Financial Officer, will review our financial results. Also with us today are Scott McLean, President and Chief Operating Officer; Chris Kyriakakis, Chief Risk Officer; and Derek Steward, Chief Credit Officer.
After our prepared remarks, we will hold a question-and-answer session. This call is scheduled for one hour. I will now turn the time over to Harris Simmons.

Harris Henry Simmons

Thanks very much, Shannon, and we welcome all of you to our call this morning. As Shannon mentioned, Ryan Richards is joining our call today as our new Chief Financial Officer. Ryan was formerly our Corporate Controller and has been promoted to Chief Financial Officer as our former CFO, Paul Burdiss, is now serving as the CEO of our largest affiliate bank, Zions Bank. These changes along with other leadership changes, I think, reflect the depth of the talent that we have in our organization and our intentional efforts to develop a well-rounded group of leaders with broad experience.
While we in the industry continue to navigate complex and uncertain economic and regulatory conditions, we have not lost focus on bringing value to our customers and shareholders over the long term. We've just successfully completed the second of three migrations to our new core deposit system, which happened for Nevada State Bank and Amegy Bank of Texas customers 2 weeks ago. We anticipate completing migration of substantially all remaining accounts in late summer.
This core system is delivering the benefits we are anticipating, including 1 intuitive easy-to-use system for virtually all deposit and loan accounts, which improves the ability to view and manage client relationships, provides greater access to data, and consistency of data, resulting in fewer calls to the back office, optimized teller transaction processing, the shortening of new account opening, and customer maintenance times, and real-time processing, allowing for improved fraud detection and mistake resolution.
The completion of this major transformation is accompanied by other enhancements to digital capabilities for our customers, all of which we believe put us ahead of the pack in terms of our resiliency, our product offerings and ability to serve our customers. This advantage, combined with our local approach to relationship banking, the strength of our footprint and our ability to manage risk positions us well for continued advancements in digital banking.
We're also pleased that our efforts to serve and create value for our customers continue to be recognized, including through the 2023 Greenwich Associates market tracking program. Zions was awarded 20 overall National Excellence awards ranking third among all U.S. banks and securing our position as 1 of only 3 U.S. banks to average 16 or more wins since the inception of the brand awards in 2009.
We continue to score well across a number of measured dimensions for both small business and middle market categories, where we lead the way for bank you can trust, values long-term relationships and ease of doing business. By the way, we tip our hat to our friends at Cullen/Frost and Pinnacle Financial who were the #1 and 2 this year and for their continued and consistent recognition by Greenwich Associates over the years, we're proud to be in such a good company and associated with other leading regional banks who demonstrate excellence in meeting the needs of small and middle market businesses. In the current environment, revenue growth continues to be our biggest challenge with adjusted revenue in the quarter down 11% compared to the year ago period.
Over time, relative net interest margin will improve through customer deposit growth and pricing discipline in addition to the management of interest rate risk through our hedging strategy. We also expect that with the continued passage of time from the events of last spring, our relative cost of deposits will continue to improve.
Loan demand seems to have turned a corner of sorts this quarter with pipelines recovering somewhat from low levels late last year and improving customer sentiment. Our true success will depend on our ability to grow our customer base, and we continue to place an emphasis on granular growth of small business customers.
Recently, we've been particularly successful with a streamlined SBA program aimed at serving smaller businesses in our communities. It's a program that seems to fill a unique product need for our customers, and while it doesn't immediately contribute meaningfully to loan balance growth is the kind of business that builds real franchise value and it's bringing in a meaningful number of new to the bank customers, and our cross-selling efforts are also bearing fruit.
We also remain confident in our ability to grow fee income to a larger percentage of total revenue. Capital markets fees represent a key opportunity, and these fees are growing as our product set expands and more of our bankers are marketing these capabilities to clients.
These combined efforts to improve revenue will be paired with well-managed expenses. Adjusted expenses in the current period were up a mere $2 million compared to the first quarter of 2023, and we continue to focus on ways that we can control costs while continuing to invest in the business. Net charge-offs continue to be benign at just 4 basis points annualized as a percentage of average loans for the quarter. This contrasts to an increase in classified loan balances of $141 million, driven largely by the C&I portfolio.
We believe realized losses over the next few quarters will continue to be quite manageable, and our current expectations are fully reflected in our allowance, which increased 1 basis point as a percentage of loans, and which Ryan will speak about in more detail later in the presentation.
With the continued improvement we expect in our net interest margin, coupled with better than peer credit performance, we anticipate a positive trajectory for relative performance and our ability to improve shareholder returns going forward.
Starting on Slide 3, we've included key financial performance highlights. We reported net earnings -- reported net earnings of $143 million for the quarter. Our period-end loan balance increased just under 1%, while average balances increased 1.3% for the quarter.
Customer deposit balances declined approximately 1% in the quarter due primarily to a small number of seasonal outflows early in the year. Our loan-to-deposit ratio was 78%. Net charge-offs as a percent of loans were just 4 basis points as noted, down from 6 basis points reported in the prior quarter.
Our common equity Tier 1 ratio was 10.4% compared to 10.3% in the fourth quarter and 9.9% a year ago.
Moving to Slide 4. Diluted earnings per share of $0.96 was up $0.18 from the prior quarter. Current quarter results reflect a $0.07 negative impact from the FDIC's updated estimate of expected losses from the closures of the Silicon Valley Bank and Signature Bank, which compares to the 46% negative impact from the initial assessment reflected in the fourth quarter.
Turning to Slide 5. Our first quarter adjusted preprovision net revenue was $242 million, down from $262 million in the fourth quarter. The linked quarter decline was attributable primarily to seasonally higher noninterest expense. Versus the year ago quarter, PPNR was down 29% as the increase in the cost of deposits exceeded the increase in earning asset yields.
With that high-level overview, I'm going to ask Ryan Richards, our Chief Financial Officer, to provide additional detail related to our financial performance. Ryan?

R. Ryan Richards

Thank you, Harris, and good morning, everyone. I will begin with a discussion of the components of pre-provision net revenue. Nearly 80% of our revenue is from the balance sheet through net interest income. Slide 6 includes our overview of net interest income and the net interest margin. The chart shows the recent 5-quarter trend for both. Net interest income on the bars and net interest margin in the white boxes improved slightly from the prior quarter as the repricing of earning assets outpaced rising funding costs. Additional detail on changes in the net interest margin is included on Slide 7.
On the left-hand side of the page, we provide a linked quarter waterfall outlining the changes in key components of the net interest margin. The 22 basis adverse impact associated with borrowings, encompassing both the rate and volume was offset by the positive impact of loan repricing and the impact of lower average interest-bearing deposit volumes. Noninterest-bearing deposit volumes -- volume declines resulted in a slight reduction in the contribution of these funds to balance sheet profitability.
The right-hand side of this chart shows the net interest margin comparison to the prior year quarter. Higher rates were reflected in loan yields, which contributed an additional 77 basis points to the net interest margin. The value of noninterest-bearing deposits and lower borrowing levels contributed another 93 basis points to the margin. These positive contributions, which were more than offset by increased deposit costs, which adversely impacted net interest margin by 208 basis points.
Overall, the net interest margin declined by 39 basis points versus the prior year quarter.
Moving to noninterest income and revenue on Slide 8. Customer-related noninterest income was $151 million compared to $150 million in the prior quarter, with higher capital market fees offset by smaller declines in other categories. Our outlook for customer-related noninterest income for the first quarter of 2025 is moderately increasing relative to the first quarter of 2024.
The chart on the right side of the page includes adjusted revenue, which is the revenue included in the adjusted pre-provision net revenue and is used in our efficiency ratio calculation. Adjusted revenue decreased 11% from the prior year and was stable versus the fourth quarter due to the factors noted previously.
Adjusted noninterest expense shown in the lighter blue bars on Slide 9, increased $22 million to $511 million, attributable largely to seasonal increases in compensation. Reported expenses at $526 million decreased $55 million. As a reminder, the fourth quarter included $90 million in FDIC special assessment costs, while another $13 million was recognized in the first quarter this year.
Our outlook for adjusted noninterest expense for the first quarter of 2025 is slightly increasing relative to the first quarter of 2024. Risks and opportunities associated with this outlook include our ability to manage technology, supply chain, and employment costs.
Slide 10 highlights trends in our average loans and deposits over the year. On the left side, you can see that average loans increased 1% in the current quarter. Loan demand and customer sentiment improved somewhat during the quarter, and our expectation is that loans will be stable to slightly increasing in the first quarter of 2025 relative to the first quarter of 2024.
Now turning to deposits on the right side of this page. Average deposits for the first quarter decreased slightly as average noninterest-bearing and broker deposits declined. The cost of total deposits shown in white boxes stayed flat at 206 basis points. As measured against the fourth quarter of 2021, the repricing beta on total deposits, including brokered deposits and based on average deposit rates in the first quarter, remained 39%, and the repricing beta for interest-bearing deposits was 60%.
Slide 11 includes a more comprehensive view of funding sources and total funding cost trends. The left-hand side chart includes ending balance trends. Short-term borrowings have decreased $8 billion since the first quarter of 2023 as customer deposits have grown and earning assets have declined.
On the right side, average balances for our key funding categories are shown along with the total cost of funding. As seen on this chart, the rate of increase in total funding costs at 9 basis points in the current quarter has continued to decline compared to the prior 3 quarters.
Moving to Slide 12. Our investment portfolio exists primarily to be a ready storehouse of funds to absorb customer-driven balance sheet changes. On this slide, we show our securities and money market investments over the last 5 quarters. The investment portfolio continues to behave as expected. Maturities, principal amortization and prepayment-related cash flows were $700 million in the first quarter.
With this somewhat predictable portfolio of cash flow, we anticipate the money market and investment security balances combined will continue to decline over the near term, which will be a source of funds for the balance sheet.
The duration of the investment portfolio, which is a measure of price sensitivity to changes in interest rates, is slightly shorter compared to the prior year period estimated at 3.6% currently versus 4.1% one year ago.
This duration helps to manage the inherent interest rate mismatch between loans and deposits. With the larger deposit portfolio assumed to have a longer duration than our loan portfolio, fixed rate term investments are required to balance asset and liability durations.
Slide 13 provides information about our interest rate sensitivity. While we provided standard parallel interest rate shock sensitivity measures in the appendix of this presentation, we believe a more dynamic view of interest rate sensitivity is most relevant in the current environment.
As noted in the bar chart on the far right side of the page, modeled net interest income in first quarter 2025 is 1.8% higher when compared to the first quarter of 2024, using the implied forward path of rates at March 31 and assuming a static balance sheet. 100 basis point parallel up and down shocks of this implied forward outcome suggests about 1% and 2.3% sensitivity around that figure, respectively.
If no changes in rates were to occur, modeled net interest income is 80 basis points higher. This model analysis reveals that our balance sheet while asset-sensitive using traditional measures is positioned for net interest income growth if short-term rates fall faster than long-term rates.
Utilizing this modeled outcome and overlaying management expectations for balance sheet changes in deposit pricing, we believe that net interest income in first quarter 2025 will be stable to slightly increasing when compared to the first quarter of 2024. Risks and opportunities associated with this outlook includes realized loan growth, competition for deposits and the path of interest rate changes across the yield curve.
Moving to Slide 14. Credit quality and particularly net charge-offs remained strong. Net charge-offs were 4 basis points of loans in the quarter. The allowance for credit losses is 1.27% of loans, a 1 basis point increase over the prior quarter due to incremental reserves in the commercial real estate portfolio, partially offset by a modest improvement in our economic scenario. Notwithstanding strong net charge-off performance, we observed some indicators of modest credit deterioration in our credit portfolio. Nonperforming assets increased $26 million and classified and criticized loan balances increased by $104 million and $297 million, respectively.
As Harris noted, we continue to expect the ultimate realized loan losses will be very manageable over the remainder of the year. As we know it is a topic of interest we have included information regarding the commercial real estate portfolio with additional detail included in the appendix to this presentation.
Slide 15 provides an overview of the CRE portfolio. CRE represents 23% of our total loan portfolio with office representing 14% of total CRE or 3% of total loan balances. Credit quality measures for the total CRE portfolio remain relatively strong, though criticized and classified levels increased during the quarter. Overall, we expect the CRE portfolio to perform reasonably well with limited losses based on the current economic outlook.
Our loss-absorbing capital is shown on Slide 16. The CET ratio continued to grow in the first quarter to 10.4%. This, when combined with the allowance for credit losses, compares well to our risk profile as reflected in the low level of ongoing loan net charge-offs.
We expect our common equity from both a regulatory and GAAP perspective to increase organically through earnings and that the AOCI improvement will continue through accretion of the securities portfolio regardless of rate path outcomes.
Slide 22 summarizes the financial outlook provided over the course of this presentation. As a reminder, this outlook represents our best current estimate for the financial performance for the first quarter of 2025 as compared to the first quarter of 2024.
And with that, I'll turn the time back to Shannon.

Shannon R. Drage

This concludes our prepared remarks.
(Operator Instructions)
Darryl, please open the line for questions.

Question and Answer Session

Operator

(Operator Instructions)
Our first question is coming from the line of Manan Gosalia with Morgan Stanley.

Manan Gosalia

Ryan, welcome, and congrats on the new role. I was wondering, can you dig into the NII guide and the assumption there in terms of the number of rate cuts? I'm assuming you're using the forward curve here? And also if you could talk about the assumptions on NIB outflow and deposit repricing and what sensitivity there is if we don't get any rate cuts this year?

R. Ryan Richards

Thanks so much. And yes, when you look at some of the materials there and really -- we emphasize in my remarks, sort of the forward curve as of the end of the quarter. And embedded in that forward curve outlook in the fourth quarter of the year was a Fed funds rate of 4.75%, so implying 3 rate cuts. So that's kind of our base expectation, but I think as we open our inboxes each and every morning, seeing some indicators that would suggest perhaps fewer rate cuts for the year. We really see the advantage then of sharing some of our additional supplementary measures around latent and emergent sensitivity. And particularly, as we think about the like -- the possibility of having fewer rate cuts for the year, becomes more important as we think about that latent sort of view of interest rate sensitivity that we model at 0.8%.
So we feel good about our ability to be positioned well for different rate pivots and changes. So much of that performance, as you note, will be dependent upon how our deposit pricing behaves moving forward. We were pleased to see some stabilization of that during the quarter, and we'll continue to keep a watch on that moving forward as deposit competition continues to be pretty stiff. Were there any other parts of that question that I missed?

Manan Gosalia

I think you got them. I wanted to follow up on just the deposit costs and balances. I know NIB outflows accelerated maybe a little bit this quarter, but at the same time, the overall cost of deposits was relatively flat. So maybe if you can talk about the trajectory through the quarter of both the NIB balances as well as the cost of deposits. Is there any seasonality there that we need to be considering? And what are you hearing from clients? Are you seeing them take a fresh look at their cash levels in a higher for longer rate environment or the positive trends continuing through the quarter?

R. Ryan Richards

Yes. No, thank you for that. So yes, so we did see early in the quarter some seasonality from some of our large commercial deposits that ran off. But most of what you're seeing there in terms of the change in the DDA balance in the quarter was a migration to interest-bearing that we saw in modest ways, certainly with a small -- smaller relationship balances, but also with our larger relationship balances. We've seen a very nice stabilization in the NIM going back for fourth quarters. And we saw, I think, even through the end of the period, where some of that migration was tempered somewhat.
We have not rolled out and we have allowed for continued migration that is embedded within our guidance that you'll see in our materials that would allow for our total deposit beta to scale up from this current level. So there is some room for maneuver in terms of that migration and still allowing us to hit our guidance as we peer forward in one year's time to stable to slightly increasing NII.

Operator

Our next questions come from the line of John Pancari with Evercore.

John G. Pancari

On the credit front -- on commercial real estate, you added a bit to the reserves. You brought the commercial real estate reserve up to about 4%, could you maybe discuss your confidence in the adequacy of the loan loss reserve. I mean I know losses are certainly limited. But comparatively, I know your peer regionals are in the 8% to 10% range around their reserving for commercial real estate. So can you maybe walk through your confidence in the adequacy here given the trends that you're seeing and the pressure on in the industry?

Derek Steward

Thanks, John. This is Derek. We're very confident in the level of reserves that we have. What you can see from -- in the credit portfolio is actually some migration into criticized, that's what's the largest driver of the deterioration in the CRE portfolio. A lot of that is from multifamily, which we're very comfortable with. We're comfortable just because of the loan to values that we've underwritten, the conservative underwriting that we've done over the years as well as the slower periods of growth that we've had compared to peers over the years. It's just with our loss -- the losses that we've had at 4 basis points and $6 million for the quarter, it continues to be very manageable. We'll see some challenges probably in the office portfolio over time, but we continue to believe that we're very well reserved for what we think are our manageable losses in the future.

Scott J. McLean

John, this is Scott. I would just add to that, that something which I think almost everybody knows about us, our CRE growth coming into this was about half of the regional buying average and depending on what size regional banks you're looking at. So as you know, since the Great Recession, our CRE book has been growing about 3% to 5% a year, which is significantly less than peers. I think the fact that it's 80% of the portfolio is term says that we have demonstrated cash flow related to a large portion of the book. And then you just look at the low average and median average loan size it sort of tells you that the odds of us having guarantor support that can actually make a difference is real.
And then finally, and I think compared to some of our peers, we've been very disciplined about hold levels. And concentration management, particularly as it relates to hold levels is really important going into a time like this.

John G. Pancari

Great. I appreciate it. And then separately, on the expense side, expense trends are coming a little bit better than expected. I think the outlook was a little bit better. Can you maybe remind us on some of the efforts on the expense front, if you see some incremental gains as you look through the franchise? And then separately, do you see -- can you remind us of the expense dynamics tied to the completion of the core system conversion. I believe, in year 1, you might actually get a bump up in those costs before you see efficiencies. So if you can maybe walk through that with us as well.

R. Ryan Richards

Yes. Let me start with highlighting, I think, as was noted, the year-over-year performance, it was about a year ago this time where a commitment was made to bend the expense curve in the backdrop of the revenue environment that we're in, and we feel pleased with where we came out on an adjusted basis relative to that last year mark, having a very modest 0.4% increase in adjusted expenses.
So I feel like we kept commitments there, and we're really operating in this period of continuous improvement. That wasn't a won and done. We continue to inventory opportunities moving forward to make sure that we manage those responsibly, and we see opportunities, as you know, as we think about the very good success that Harris highlighted in his remarks on our core financial transformation work and how that's progressing.
We do see some opportunity in terms of direct implementation expense associated with that going into next year. We have been spending a lot of time internally focusing on where we can bring automation improvements. We've been mobilizing a lot of our people internally to drive out manual labor hours out of our work.
We see opportunities associated with kind of our facilities. And we've shown that we've had an ability to realize some economies there with some of the projects we've worked on in recent years. And our compensation structure will continue to match the revenue environment and how we trend across that dimension. So I don't know, Scott, if there's anything you'd want to add.

Scott J. McLean

No, Ryan, that was awesome, that all of those comments speak to the rigorous discipline we've had this quarter last year, as Ryan noted, we were sitting on about 8% to 10% and year-over-year expense growth when we called that we would be flat to the first quarter of this year. So it wasn't by accident. There was a lot of rigorous discipline that Ryan noted and that we think will be beneficial going forward.
Related to our future core projects, specifically, we've noted that there will be next year in '25, about a $12 million to $15 million decrease in amortization costs. There will also be -- we'll see some benefit from reduced what we would call bubble staffing that exists in many areas of the bank to help with the conversions.
And then I think we, as Harris noted, we've seen some real process time improvements at the teller line and on our new accounts platforms where we see higher levels of turnover anyway, where we may see some efficiency from that as well.

Operator

Our next questions come from the line of Steven Alexopoulos with JPMorgan.

Steven A. Alexopoulos

First, by the way, thanks for the 9:30 a.m. call. This is a great time slot. Hopefully, you keep it. For my question, yes, I won't ask a question on that. But in terms of the net interest income guidance, this comment in here that there's upside if short-term rates decline, most banks are indicating that if short-term rates come down because of the lag on the deposit side, they would think that would pressure NII in the short run, but it seems like you're saying the opposite here. Could you expand on that?

R. Ryan Richards

Yes. I would emphasize the near-term nature of that. But what we're seeing there is if you think -- look across our basically our interest-bearing deposits, you size that around $50 billion. You think about 1/3 of those being priced pretty near wholesale prices, 4.75% above. We sort of said, as we've kind of been making the rounds that we expect to have a good bit of pricing sensitivity on those deposits that can be advantageous to us on the way down, and that would be the near-term headwinds if only short-term rates were to move down, not a parallel shift that we think that we could realize.

Steven A. Alexopoulos

Got it. Okay. That's helpful. And then for my follow-up, maybe for you, Harris. It was interesting to hear you say that loan demand seemed to turn a corner. Because if you look at the consumer side, sentiment is still pretty negative, mostly tied to inflation, but it seems like you're inciting business customers, maybe sentiment is improving a bit. Can you talk about that? And do we need cuts to see improved pipelines turning to actual improved loans?

R. Ryan Richards

Well, I think what we're seeing is -- I mean, it's just -- this is coming from our kind of frontline lenders were expressing that they're seeing a little more optimism probably from borrowers. I don't know that you need cuts that this really hinges on a quarter a point, that's what's doing it so much. It's just probably a general belief that maybe the economy is not headed into recession that the things are a little more resilient than might have been kind of the sentiment 6 or 9 months ago. So I suspect that's it. But our comment about maybe improving loan demand coming at us is simply a reflection of what we're hearing from our lenders. So it's a little hard to quantify, but that's what we're seeing internally.

Steven A. Alexopoulos

In the past, when you saw an improvement in the pipeline, how long would that typically take to filter through actual loan growth improving?

R. Ryan Richards

6 months.

Operator

Our next question comes from the line of Bernard Von Gizycki with Deutsche Bank.

Bernard Von Gizycki

You've been making investments in your capital markets and Wealth Management segments to help drive a more sustainable revenue base. Capital Markets revenues had a nice uptick in the quarter driven by the real estate and securities underwriting you mentioned. Do you expect improvement to be driven from these areas? Or any color you can provide on where the expected improvement will come from?

R. Ryan Richards

I might just say that we have a very intentional calling effort. We've got a lot of anchors engaged in it. And I generally expect it's going to be sort of across the board. And we have some ambitious internal targets and people committed to it. So I don't think it's going to be any single category. I think you're going to see it sort of across the board in capital markets.

Bernard Von Gizycki

And then maybe on the funding side. I know on Slide 11 of your presentation, you having the $4 billion in brokered deposits and $5 billion in borrowings. And you've done a nice job of bringing these down over the last several quarters. What are your expectations on further bringing down wholesale borrowings for this year?

R. Ryan Richards

I can't speak to that one. We got Matt Tyler, appreciate you might have a thought about it.

Matt Tyler

This is Matt Tyler. I'm the Corporate Treasurer. I mean it's really -- we've seen deposits kind of stabilizing from where after last year and actually, we saw this growth after last year, which is why we brought down those broker deposits. Going forward, it's going to really be a function of what happens with our deposits, what happens with our loan growth. We expect those numbers to continue to come down somewhat. But that depends on how the rest of the balance sheet behaves, whether loan growth is super heap, comes in very strong, then we probably need to keep more of that wholesale borrowing.

Scott J. McLean

I would just add to that, that customer deposits down a little bit in the first quarter, which as Ryan says, somewhat seasonal. We still got -- we still have about $6 billion in client deposits that are off balance sheet. And so it's a pretty conscious decision. We could certainly have shown $1 billion, $2 billion of customer deposit growth. Borrowings would have come down, overnight borrowings would have come down. And it's something we don't -- we just try to make very natural decisions, not try to bend the borrowings number or hit a customer deposit growth number just simply through rate mechanics, we try to make the best decision we can about what customers really need and what we're looking for at any point in time.

Operator

Our next questions come from the line of Ken Usdin with Jefferies.

Kenneth Michael Usdin

Can I just ask you a little bit more about the mix of earning assets. You mentioned that cash and securities would be keep coming down. What are you going to be looking to do within that in terms of securities portfolio rollovers and versus the overall mix of the cash and securities.

R. Ryan Richards

Yes. Thanks for that, Ken. You've noticed the trend that we've allowed our investment securities portfolio to have some attrition. We can see that continuing for a time longer. And that's helping us in terms of that yield coming off and the reinvestments we've been seeing in loans and the remix of the balance sheet has been a nice trend through the course of the past year, and we certainly saw that this past quarter. So I don't know that we have a specific number in line. It kind of goes back to what Matt said is, let's see where the loan growth shows up and how our deposit base behaves, but that's what we've been seeing.

Kenneth Michael Usdin

Okay. And then separately, I know you're at $87 billion, far away from that next 100 threshold. I'm just wondering if you could talk us through how not having the holding company structure, it changes how you guys think about approaching that and think about getting the company ready especially given your history where you work a Category 5 bank originally and have some of that infrastructure. Can you just kind of help us think about like what needs to happen as you move forward and what we would be realizing along the way there?

Harris Henry Simmons

I'll take a step at that, Ken, it's Harris. I mean the first thing I'd note is just picking up on something that Ryan said about continued run down in the securities portfolio. We have enough liquidity kind of inherently here that it probably gives us, I don't know if it's another year or just kind of what, but it is going to help us kind of push that data out, which helps with the AOCI runoff, and in kind of normalizing getting that drag down in advance of crossing 100.
In terms of the kind of requirements, I think we believe we're in pretty good shape because we continue -- we're still doing stress testing. We think there -- we'll probably have to be a little more rigorous in terms of kind of the documentation that we would supply to regulators, et cetera. But all the mechanics, we continue to refresh models. We will need to get back into the resolution plan business. But our structure, I think, makes that actually much easier.
I mean it's a pretty bare bones structure that we have that I think makes resolution planning all the much easier. The lack of a holding company, probably the main impact is there's no supervisory stress test. It's really only internal. And so until we get to, I think, $250,000. So fundamentally, I don't think that we're going to see kind of a major event when we get there. probably the major event really is depending on how Basel III endgame gets revised, as we would expect, and what if anything happens with a long-term debt rule. I mean I think that, if I have a concern, it's probably more around the long-term debt rule. I think that needs to get revisited. It's sort of anti-tailored for $100 billion regional bank. And so my hope is that we'll see some attention paid to that as well. But beyond that, I think we're going to be in pretty good shape.

Operator

Our next questions come from the line of Brandon King with Truist Securities.

Brandon Thomas King

So I wanted to talk about earning asset yields, saw a nice increase in the quarter. Could you just lay out what your expectations are for that pace of increase over the next several quarters?

R. Ryan Richards

Thank you for that, as we've sort of been talking along the way, we did have a nice pickup this quarter in earning asset yields. We've sort of been guiding to 0 to 5 basis points. And I think if you look over a couple of quarters, we've been able to chin that bar. So some good repricing activity, which was really borne out in that latent sensitivity that we showed in the slide that if nothing else happens with the rate curve, we stand to gain here.

Brandon Thomas King

Okay. And do you think you can still go above that, I guess, 0 to 5? Is that a fair assumption? Or is that still the kind of the range?

R. Ryan Richards

I wouldn't rule it out, but that's kind of where we've been talking for the market and not wanting to get ahead of ourselves.

Brandon Thomas King

Okay. And then lastly, in office CRE, there was a meaningful step down in that portfolio. Also in criticized classified nonaccruals. So could you just talk about how you're managing that portfolio? What are you seeing and how you're actively managing internal metrics?

Derek Steward

Yes. Thanks, Brandon. This is Derek. The decline in office criticized and classifieds is actually one positive resolution that we had. We were paid in full on a non-accrual loan where we'd actually previously had a charge-off last year. So that -- we just continue to work through the office portfolio. You'll see that we've actually reduced that portfolio over time. And we'll still have some office challenges, I'm sure, for the next little while. But so far, we've actually had positive resolutions there.

Operator

Our next questions come from the line of Peter Winter with D.A. Davidson.

Peter J. Winter

Can you provide some color on the increase in the C&I classified loans?

Derek Steward

Yes. Thank you. This is Derek again. The increase in the classifieds this quarter, there was actually one assisted living facility as Harris related, just was experiencing slower lease-up and some higher expenses that migrated to classified. And then there were a number of other C&I credits. It's just nothing large trends to point out or specific industries, but just they were C&I credits that migrated into classifieds.

Peter J. Winter

Okay. And separately, just when I look at the interest-bearing deposit cost, it's pretty impressive, it decreased 3 basis points because you're seeing most peers have an increase of roughly 8 to 15 basis points this quarter. What's the outlook for deposit costs going forward if there's no Fed cuts this year?

R. Ryan Richards

Yes. Listen, I'm happy to say a few words there. Listen, as we look at our trending, we still really like our overall total cost of deposits, and we stack up pretty favorably on that basis. It's fair to say as we play this game of catch-up we got a little bit behind pricing that we ran up on the interest-bearing yields appropriately for the time. And -- but we've kind of now have gotten out of the pattern of where we've really been historically relative to peers. And so we have observed that, and we've been looking for ways to manage appropriately working with our clients to meet their needs, but also relative to other funding sources, making sure that we're not extending ourselves too much on the rate paid. And so we did see some success with that, and we plan to continue working on that. I don't know Harris if there is anything you want to add.

Harris Henry Simmons

Nothing, I think that captured it really well, it's good.

Operator

Our next questions come from the line of Chris McGratty with KBW.

Christopher Edward McGratty

Harris, any big picture changes in use of capital for the next maybe year or 2, rebuilding capital with OCI, but just more broadly, uses of capital?

Harris Henry Simmons

No. I mean, look, I think as we think about capital over the next couple of years, we're clearly going to be focused on the $100 billion kind of thresholds and what that means. And thinking about what our ratios are going to look like, crossing that mark. And beyond that, we are very focused internally to try and invest in things that generate higher returns, so fee income businesses like capital markets, wealth, we're highly focused on small business lending. Sentiment there has been kind of tough in that market over the last 3 or 4 years, I think with pandemic, but I think that's probably -- we're seeing maybe some change there and noted that kind of SBA lending is turning into a bright spot for us. And we really like that business not only because the -- you get a little better spread, but it really -- it brings the kinds of deposits that I think really build a sustainable franchise, create a lot of franchise value.
They're smaller operating -- operating accounts, they're insured, they're sticky. And so there are a lot of things we can do for small and middle market kinds of customers. that add value. And so that's just -- that's a real primary focus. We're trying to do more incrementally on the consumer front. That's not been a major kind of driver for us in recent years, but we think there's some opportunity there.
Again, largely with a view to creating a more fully insured deposit base. I mean, I think that's just an editorial comment. I mean I think the -- if there's a crying need out there, it's for a look at the deposit insurance system. I think it's fundamentally broken. And it should be a source of concern about it for anybody who's trying to think about the longer-term sustainability of a diversified banking system. In the absence of that, we need to be really focused on building at a more granular deposit base.
And so that's a real focus of ours. It will be, I think, in years to come. So anyway, those are -- that's not all about capital, but it's -- but those are kind of some of the activities we're focused on.

Christopher Edward McGratty

That's great. And just my follow-up would be in terms of the tax rate, is the first quarter a good run rate for the rest of the year.

R. Ryan Richards

Yes. I don't have any different guidance to give you at this point in time.

Operator

Our next questions come from the line of Ben Gerlinger with Citi.

Benjamin Tyson Gerlinger

Just had a quick question on the multifamily uptick. You guys lay out the geographic presence by state in terms of just percentages. Is it a fair assumption to think that the uptick is kind of uniform across that? Or is there a certain stage of areas in the United States are starting to see a little bit more kind of indigestion amongst multifamily?

Derek Steward

Thanks for the question. This is Derek again. It's a good question. It's actually -- we're not seeing it in a specific market. I mean real estate is very local. It depends on what street corner you're on. And so it depends on the markets and what we're seeing on the multifamily side is really 3 primary issues: one is, in some cases, there's a higher cost to complete the projects and so -- and delays on the projects. And so we see some issues there on the construction side, maybe a smaller percentage. And then the larger issues are really just slower lease-up, maybe some rent concessions early on during the lease-up period combined with interest rates increasing. And what we're seeing is it's taking longer to get to stabilization than what we originally projected for a number of these projects. But they continue to -- the sponsors continue to support them. They're bringing equity in to continue to support them as they get to stabilization.

Scott J. McLean

We've seen this exact same process play out in previous cycles and in previous geographies. And you'll see some great migration to criticized and classified -- but because of the post -- Great Recession underwriting, which was about twice as much equity, no secondary or tertiary land, covenant packages that require very specific remedies as opposed to just coming to the table.
One of the nice things about multifamily is you might hit periods of rent concessions and slower lease-up. But generally, this cash flow -- and with the doubling of equity, it's why we think we'll see a path through the multifamily softness.

Benjamin Tyson Gerlinger

Got you. That's helpful color. And then when you just think about just kind of commercial real estate as a whole. I know you talked about some kind of looming problems to work through within office. Is office kind of, I hate to use the phrase, the next shoe to drop, but is that where you're likely to see the next incremental increase in criticized classified. I know this does have a charge-off, but -- or do you think it's a little bit more uniform across all CRE?

R. Ryan Richards

Well, it's probably all CRE has been impacted by the increase in interest rates. And then some slowdown in the multifamily leasing office certainly has been challenge for some time coming out of the pandemic. And so we're -- on the office side, we have $1.9 billion. We've actually reduced that intentionally over the last 4, 5 years. So we were kind of ahead of it even before the pandemic. And the other thing that we have is we're just -- we were never in the large CBD downtown trophy office properties that say, New York City. It's just not our markets. It's not what we do. And so I think the office will continue to have some challenges from what we do have, but I think it will be manageable over the next -- the near term.

Operator

Our next questions come from the line of Brian Foran with Autonomous.

Brian D. Foran

Harris, I wonder if I could just follow up on the deposit insurance broken comment. Is it the level the $250,000 or is it the lack of a separate system for operating accounts? Or maybe you could just give that next level of detail of what the key change you would like to see is?

Harris Henry Simmons

Well, yes, I mean I'd start with the fact that the $250,000, which was last established -- it was last changed in, I think, 2011. It's not indexed for inflation. And so it's lost about close to 1/3 of its purchasing power, if you will, since it was last changed. So the real deposit insurance has come down by nearly 1/3 since the last change.
You have a world in which -- I mean Dodd-Frank was largely intended to solve the Too Big to Fail Problem. We saw with SVB episode, that Too Big to Fail was still there. Not only is it there, it was basically given the example of approval by treasury department and others during a crisis, you saw the flow of funds going from smaller banks to the very -- to a very, very small handful of very large banks. And it's not because it wasn't because of capital, credit quality, et cetera, et cetera, it's because they're de facto insured. And so you have a very large portion of the nation's deposits that are de facto insured.
You have among those who are not Too Big to Fail, you probably got, call it, half of those deposits are fully insured. And so it leaves kind of this sliver, 20%, 25% of deposits out there that are not insured, but that's where all the instability is coming from.
And I'm not to suggest here during this call what the solution ought to be, but I'm a little disheartened that there hasn't been more focus on it by policymakers who are going to wait until the next crisis for it to rear its head again. And I simply think it ought to be something that everybody is focused on. But in the absence of that, it's important that we remain focused on developing the insured portion of that deposit base. It just becomes fundamentally important. It's really why SVB is no longer here today is because they didn't have an insured deposit base.

Brian D. Foran

That's very helpful. And then maybe just on the capital discussion rounding that out, you were clear, common equity will increase and you gave the AOCI burndown projection. The CET1 kind of in the 10.5% range, is that kind of a good landing spot? Or do you see that increasing as well over the next year?

Harris Henry Simmons

Well, look, I don't think we'll be doing -- other than probably covering the cost of employee stock grants, that kind of thing, I don't think we're going to be in the stock buyback mode here for a while until we can see greater clarity and really understand that we're going to be in solid shape, crossing 100. I don't know quite where that ratio is, it's really going to depend on what loan growth looks like this year. But we're focused on increasing the tangible common equity ratio, getting AOCI behind us, and we want to have strong capital here.

Operator

Thank you. We have reached the end of our question-and-answer session. I would now like to turn the floor back over to Shannon Drage for closing remarks.

Shannon R. Drage

Thank you, Darryl, and thank you to all for joining us today. If you have additional questions, please contact us at the e-mail or phone number listed on our website. We look forward to connecting with you throughout the coming months. Thank you for your interest in Zions Bancorporation. This concludes our call.

Operator

Thank you. This does conclude today's teleconference. You may disconnect at this time. Thank you for your participation. Enjoy the rest of your day.